Reconciling direct and indirect estimates of functional connectivity in a Mediterranean pond-breeding amphibian

Understanding demographic dynamics and functional connectivity among demes is essential to prevent, identify reverse amphibian population declines. Attempts characterize populations have largely relied on the use of molecular markers assess patterns genetic structure at landscape scale factors that promote or restrict gene flow. However, few studies integrated size estimates direct records dispersal rates (e.g. based capture-mark-recapture data) help interpret molecular-based inferences. We conducted such an integrative, long-term monitoring program a metapopulation sharp-ribbed newt (Pleurodeles waltl), pond-breeding salamander endemic Iberian Peninsula North Africa. Over 12 breeding seasons, we compiled individual capture histories estimate sizes document dispersal, inferred migration pairwise relatedness 22 microsatellite loci. Direct (based capture-mark-recapture) revealed low levels contemporary between two major sites in study area, whereas indirect (molecular) provided evidence for asymmetric flow, more intense from larger smaller population, without consistent differences sexes. can be reconciled species’ generation time, support scenario density-dependent with recent colonization pond relative proportions ancestry categories across ponds. Our integrative approach applied design conservation actions aiming improve empirical evidence.